Query Language Reference

The QueryAST (Query Abstract Syntax Tree) is a SQL-like query language for aggregating and filtering evaluation data in dashboard widgets. This guide covers the complete query syntax and advanced features.

Query Basics

When Are Queries Required?

Queries are required for data-driven widgets:

METRIC: Requires a MetricQuery (single aggregation)
TABLE: Requires a SeriesQuery (multiple rows/columns)
BAR: Requires a SeriesQuery (grouped data)
HISTOGRAM: Requires a SeriesQuery (distribution data)
DONUT: Requires a SeriesQuery (grouped data for slices)
SCATTER: Requires a SeriesQuery (two or more numeric columns)
TIMESERIES: Requires a SeriesQuery (aggregations over time)

Queries are NOT needed for:

MARKDOWN: Static content only
HEADING: Text display only

Data Sources

QueryAST can access two data sources for each evaluation item: data.* - User-defined data

Custom fields you provided when creating the evaluation
Examples: data.input, data.expected_output, data.category, data.score

task_result_cache.* - Task execution results

Results from evaluation tasks (chat completions, agent runs, etc.)
Examples: task_result_cache.llm_score, task_result_cache.latency_ms, task_result_cache.metadata.confidence

Both data sources support nested fields using dot notation. For example, data.metadata.model_version or task_result_cache.output.reasoning.

Query Structure Overview

A query is a JSON object defining what data to select, how to aggregate it, and what filters to apply:

{
  "select": [...],      // Columns and aggregations to return
  "filter": {...},      // Optional WHERE clause conditions
  "groupBy": [...],     // Optional GROUP BY columns
  "orderBy": [...],     // Optional sorting
  "limit": 100          // Optional row limit
}

Query Types

MetricQuery

Returns a single scalar value. Used exclusively for METRIC widgets. Structure:

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "AVG|SUM|COUNT|...",
        "column": "column_name",
        "source": "data|task_result_cache"
      },
      "alias": "optional_alias"
    }
  ],
  "filter": { /* optional */ }
}

Constraints:

Select clause must have exactly one item
That item must be an AGGREGATION (not a raw COLUMN)
No GROUP BY, ORDER BY, or LIMIT allowed

Example: Average Score

Example:

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "AVG",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data"
      },
      "alias": "avg_score"
    }
  ],
  "filter": {
    "conditions": [
      {
        "column": "category",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "=",
        "value": "test"
      }
    ]
  }
}

SQL Equivalent:

SELECT AVG(data->>'$.score') AS avg_score
FROM evaluation_items
WHERE data->>'$.category' = 'test'

SeriesQuery

Returns multiple rows and columns. Used for TABLE, BAR, HISTOGRAM, DONUT, SCATTER, and TIMESERIES widgets. Structure:

{
  "select": [
    // Mix of columns and aggregations
  ],
  "filter": { /* optional */ },
  "groupBy": [ /* optional column names */ ],
  "orderBy": [ /* optional sort specs */ ],
  "limit": 100 // optional
}

Constraints:

Select clause must have at least one item
Can mix COLUMN and AGGREGATION expressions
When using GROUP BY, non-aggregated columns must be in the groupBy list

Example: Performance by Category

Example:

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "COLUMN",
        "column": "category",
        "source": "data"
      }
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "AVG",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data"
      },
      "alias": "avg_score"
    }
  ],
  "groupBy": ["category"],
  "orderBy": [
    {
      "column": "avg_score",
      "direction": "DESC"
    }
  ],
  "limit": 10
}

SQL Equivalent:

SELECT 
  data->>'$.category' AS category,
  AVG(data->>'$.score') AS avg_score
FROM evaluation_items
GROUP BY data->>'$.category'
ORDER BY avg_score DESC
LIMIT 10

`evaluation_ids` (Evaluation Group Dashboards)

When building queries for evaluation group dashboards, you can control which evaluations in the group to include using the evaluation_ids field.

Query-Level `evaluation_ids`

Add evaluation_ids at the top level of a query to scope it to specific evaluations in the group. If omitted, all evaluations in the group are included.

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {"type": "AGGREGATION", "function": "AVG", "column": "score", "source": "data"},
      "alias": "avg_score"
    }
  ],
  "evaluation_ids": ["eval-abc", "eval-def"]
}

Per-Aggregation `evaluation_ids`

Individual aggregation expressions can specify their own evaluation_ids to narrow the scope further. These must be a subset of the query-level evaluation_ids.

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "AVG",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data",
        "evaluation_ids": ["eval-abc"]
      },
      "alias": "eval_a_avg"
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "AVG",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data",
        "evaluation_ids": ["eval-def"]
      },
      "alias": "eval_b_avg"
    }
  ],
  "evaluation_ids": ["eval-abc", "eval-def"]
}

The special _evaluation_id column is automatically available in evaluation group dashboard queries. You can use it in SELECT and GROUP BY to break down data by evaluation source. See the Evaluation Group Dashboards guide for details.

`SELECT` Clause

The SELECT clause defines what columns or aggregations to return.

Column Expression

Reference a raw column from the data without aggregation.

{
  "expression": {
    "type": "COLUMN",
    "column": "category",
    "source": "data"
  },
  "alias": "category_name"  // Optional alias
}

Fields:

type: Always “COLUMN”
column: Name of the column to select
source: “data” or “task_result_cache” (optional, defaults to “data”)
alias: Optional name for the result column (recommended for aggregation columns)

Aliases are especially useful for aggregation columns — they provide readable column headers in tables, disambiguate when multiple aggregations use the same column, and are required for meaningful labels in chart legends.

Aggregation Expression

Apply an aggregation function to compute a derived value.

{
  "expression": {
    "type": "AGGREGATION",
    "function": "AVG",
    "column": "score",
    "source": "data",
    "params": {}  // Optional parameters for certain functions
  },
  "alias": "average_score"
}

Fields:

type: Always “AGGREGATION”
function: One of the supported aggregation functions (see below)
column: Column to aggregate, or "*" for COUNT(*)
source: “data” or “task_result_cache” (optional)
params: Function-specific parameters (for PERCENTILE and PERCENTAGE)
alias: Optional name for the result

Aggregation Functions

`COUNT`

Count the number of rows.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "COUNT",
  "column": "*"
}

Use Cases:

Total number of items
Items per category (with GROUP BY)
Items matching filter criteria

`SUM`

Sum all values in a column.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "SUM",
  "column": "cost",
  "source": "task_result_cache"
}

Use Cases:

Total cost across all items
Total tokens used
Cumulative metrics

`AVG`

Calculate the mean value.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "AVG",
  "column": "score",
  "source": "data"
}

Use Cases:

Average score
Mean latency
Average confidence

`MIN` / `MAX`

Find the minimum or maximum value.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "MAX",
  "column": "latency_ms",
  "source": "task_result_cache"
}

Use Cases:

Worst-case latency
Best score achieved
Range calculations

`STDDEV` / `VARIANCE`

Calculate standard deviation or variance.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "STDDEV",
  "column": "score",
  "source": "data"
}

Use Cases:

Measure score consistency
Identify high-variance categories
Quality control metrics

`PERCENTILE`

Calculate a specific percentile value.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "PERCENTILE",
  "column": "latency_ms",
  "source": "task_result_cache",
  "params": {
    "percentile": 95
  }
}

Parameters:

percentile: Number between 0 and 100 (required)

Use Cases:

P95/P99 latency tracking
Tail performance analysis
SLA monitoring

`COUNT_DISTINCT`

Count unique values in a column.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "COUNT_DISTINCT",
  "column": "user_id",
  "source": "data"
}

Use Cases:

Number of unique users
Distinct categories present
Cardinality checks

`PERCENTAGE`

Calculate percentage of rows matching filter criteria.

{
  "type": "AGGREGATION",
  "function": "PERCENTAGE",
  "column": "*",
  "params": {
    "percentage_filters": {
      "conditions": [
        {
          "column": "score",
          "source": "data",
          "operator": ">=",
          "value": 0.7
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Parameters:

percentage_filters: Filter object defining which rows to count (required)

Use Cases:

Pass/fail rates
Percentage above threshold
Compliance metrics

Filter Clause (`WHERE`)

Filter clauses narrow down which rows to include in computations.

Basic Filter

Single condition:

{
  "filter": {
    "conditions": [
      {
        "column": "category",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "=",
        "value": "quality"
      }
    ]
  }
}

Multiple Conditions

Combine conditions with logical operators:

{
  "filter": {
    "conditions": [
      {
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": ">=",
        "value": 0.5
      },
      {
        "column": "category",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "=",
        "value": "production"
      }
    ],
    "logicalOperators": ["AND"]
  }
}

The number of logical operators must be exactly len(conditions) - 1. For 3 conditions, you need 2 operators.

Comparison Operators

Operator	Description	Example Value
`=`	Equals	`"test"` or `42`
`!=`	Not equals	`"draft"`
`>`	Greater than	`0.5`
`<`	Less than	`100`
`>=`	Greater or equal	`0.7`
`<=`	Less or equal	`1.0`
`IN`	In list	`["cat1", "cat2"]`
`NOT IN`	Not in list	`["archived", "deleted"]`
`LIKE`	Substring match	`"%error%"`
`NOT LIKE`	Not substring match	`"%deprecated%"`

Complex Filter Example

Combine multiple conditions with AND/OR logic:

{
  "filter": {
    "conditions": [
      {
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": ">=",
        "value": 0.7
      },
      {
        "column": "category",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["quality", "accuracy"]
      },
      {
        "column": "status",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "!=",
        "value": "archived"
      }
    ],
    "logicalOperators": ["AND", "AND"]
  }
}

This evaluates as: (score >= 0.7) AND (category IN ['quality', 'accuracy']) AND (status != 'archived')

Logical operators are evaluated left-to-right without precedence. The expression A AND B OR C evaluates as ((A AND B) OR C).

`GROUP BY` Clause

Group rows by one or more columns before applying aggregations.

Single Column Grouping

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "category", "source": "data"}
    },
    {
      "expression": {"type": "AGGREGATION", "function": "COUNT", "column": "*"},
      "alias": "count"
    }
  ],
  "groupBy": ["category"]
}

SQL Equivalent:

SELECT 
  data->>'$.category' AS category,
  COUNT(*) AS count
FROM evaluation_items
GROUP BY data->>'$.category'

Multi-Column Grouping

Group by multiple dimensions:

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "model", "source": "data"}
    },
    {
      "expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "category", "source": "data"}
    },
    {
      "expression": {"type": "AGGREGATION", "function": "AVG", "column": "score", "source": "data"},
      "alias": "avg_score"
    }
  ],
  "groupBy": ["model", "category"]
}

SQL Equivalent:

SELECT 
  data->>'$.model' AS model,
  data->>'$.category' AS category,
  AVG(data->>'$.score') AS avg_score
FROM evaluation_items
GROUP BY data->>'$.model', data->>'$.category'

When using GROUP BY, all non-aggregated columns in SELECT must appear in the groupBy array.

`ORDER BY` Clause

Sort results by one or more columns.

Basic Sorting

{
  "orderBy": [
    {
      "column": "avg_score",
      "direction": "DESC"
    }
  ]
}

Directions:

ASC: Ascending (smallest to largest)
DESC: Descending (largest to smallest)

Multi-Column Sorting

Sort by multiple columns with different directions:

{
  "orderBy": [
    {
      "column": "category",
      "direction": "ASC"
    },
    {
      "column": "avg_score",
      "direction": "DESC"
    }
  ]
}

This sorts by category alphabetically, then by avg_score descending within each category.

`LIMIT` Clause

Restrict the number of rows returned.

{
  "limit": 20
}

Use Cases:

Top-N queries (e.g., “Top 10 Items”)
Prevent overwhelming table displays
Performance optimization for large datasets

Example: Top 5 Categories

{
  "select": [
    {"expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "category", "source": "data"}},
    {"expression": {"type": "AGGREGATION", "function": "AVG", "column": "score", "source": "data"}, "alias": "avg_score"}
  ],
  "groupBy": ["category"],
  "orderBy": [{"column": "avg_score", "direction": "DESC"}],
  "limit": 5
}

Advanced Examples

Example 1: Multi-Dimensional Performance Table

Break down performance by model and category with multiple statistics.

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "COLUMN",
        "column": "model",
        "source": "data"
      }
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "COLUMN",
        "column": "category",
        "source": "data"
      }
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "COUNT",
        "column": "*"
      },
      "alias": "count"
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "AVG",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data"
      },
      "alias": "avg_score"
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "STDDEV",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data"
      },
      "alias": "stddev_score"
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "MIN",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data"
      },
      "alias": "min_score"
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "MAX",
        "column": "score",
        "source": "data"
      },
      "alias": "max_score"
    }
  ],
  "groupBy": ["model", "category"],
  "orderBy": [
    {
      "column": "model",
      "direction": "ASC"
    },
    {
      "column": "avg_score",
      "direction": "DESC"
    }
  ]
}

Example 2: Filtered Percentile Calculation

Calculate P95 score for only production items.

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "PERCENTILE",
        "column": "latency_ms",
        "source": "task_result_cache",
        "params": {
          "percentile": 95
        }
      },
      "alias": "p95_latency"
    }
  ],
  "filter": {
    "conditions": [
      {
        "column": "environment",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "=",
        "value": "production"
      },
      {
        "column": "latency_ms",
        "source": "task_result_cache",
        "operator": ">",
        "value": 0
      }
    ],
    "logicalOperators": ["AND"]
  }
}

Example 3: Complex Filter with IN and LIKE

Find items in specific categories containing certain text.

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "input", "source": "data"}
    },
    {
      "expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "category", "source": "data"}
    },
    {
      "expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "score", "source": "data"}
    }
  ],
  "filter": {
    "conditions": [
      {
        "column": "category",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["quality", "accuracy", "helpfulness"]
      },
      {
        "column": "input",
        "source": "data",
        "operator": "LIKE",
        "value": "%customer support%"
      }
    ],
    "logicalOperators": ["AND"]
  },
  "orderBy": [
    {
      "column": "score",
      "direction": "DESC"
    }
  ],
  "limit": 20
}

Example 4: Pass/Fail Rate by Model

Calculate success rates grouped by model.

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {"type": "COLUMN", "column": "model", "source": "data"}
    },
    {
      "expression": {"type": "AGGREGATION", "function": "COUNT", "column": "*"},
      "alias": "total"
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "PERCENTAGE",
        "column": "*",
        "params": {
          "percentage_filters": {
            "conditions": [
              {
                "column": "score",
                "source": "data",
                "operator": ">=",
                "value": 0.7
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      },
      "alias": "pass_rate"
    }
  ],
  "groupBy": ["model"],
  "orderBy": [
    {
      "column": "pass_rate",
      "direction": "DESC"
    }
  ]
}

Example 5: Nested Data Access

Query nested fields using dot notation.

{
  "select": [
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "COLUMN",
        "column": "metadata.model_version",
        "source": "data"
      }
    },
    {
      "expression": {
        "type": "AGGREGATION",
        "function": "AVG",
        "column": "output.confidence",
        "source": "task_result_cache"
      },
      "alias": "avg_confidence"
    }
  ],
  "groupBy": ["metadata.model_version"]
}

This accesses:

data.metadata.model_version - nested field in user data
task_result_cache.output.confidence - nested field in task results

Debugging Failed Queries

If your widget shows computation_status: "failed", check:

Column names: Ensure columns exist in your evaluation data
Source specification: Verify correct source (“data” vs “task_result_cache”)
GROUP BY alignment: All non-aggregated SELECT columns must be in groupBy
Operator/value types: Match operator to value type (IN requires list, LIKE requires string)
Required params: PERCENTILE needs percentile param, PERCENTAGE needs percentage_filters

Check the error_message field in the widget result for specific error details.

Next Steps

Apply these query patterns in the Widget Types reference
See Getting Started for end-to-end examples
Explore API Reference for programmatic query creation

Overview

Getting Started

Infrastructure

Evaluations

Evaluation Dashboards

Tracing

Agents

Documentation Index

​Query Basics

​When Are Queries Required?

​Data Sources

​Query Structure Overview

​Query Types

​MetricQuery

​Example: Average Score

​SeriesQuery

​Example: Performance by Category

​evaluation_ids (Evaluation Group Dashboards)

​Query-Level evaluation_ids

​Per-Aggregation evaluation_ids

​SELECT Clause

​Column Expression

​Aggregation Expression

​Aggregation Functions

​COUNT

​SUM

​AVG

​MIN / MAX

​STDDEV / VARIANCE

​PERCENTILE

​COUNT_DISTINCT

​PERCENTAGE

​Filter Clause (WHERE)

​Basic Filter

​Multiple Conditions

​Comparison Operators

​Complex Filter Example

​GROUP BY Clause

​Single Column Grouping

​Multi-Column Grouping

​ORDER BY Clause

​Basic Sorting

​Multi-Column Sorting

​LIMIT Clause

​Advanced Examples

​Example 1: Multi-Dimensional Performance Table

​Example 2: Filtered Percentile Calculation

​Example 3: Complex Filter with IN and LIKE

​Example 4: Pass/Fail Rate by Model

​Example 5: Nested Data Access

​Debugging Failed Queries

​Next Steps

Query Basics

When Are Queries Required?

Data Sources

Query Structure Overview

Query Types

MetricQuery

Example: Average Score

SeriesQuery

Example: Performance by Category

`evaluation_ids` (Evaluation Group Dashboards)

Query-Level `evaluation_ids`

Per-Aggregation `evaluation_ids`

`SELECT` Clause

Column Expression

Aggregation Expression

Aggregation Functions

`COUNT`

`SUM`

`AVG`

`MIN` / `MAX`

`STDDEV` / `VARIANCE`

`PERCENTILE`

`COUNT_DISTINCT`

`PERCENTAGE`

Filter Clause (`WHERE`)

Basic Filter

Multiple Conditions

Comparison Operators

Complex Filter Example

`GROUP BY` Clause

Single Column Grouping

Multi-Column Grouping

`ORDER BY` Clause

Basic Sorting

Multi-Column Sorting

`LIMIT` Clause

Advanced Examples

Example 1: Multi-Dimensional Performance Table

Example 2: Filtered Percentile Calculation

Example 3: Complex Filter with IN and LIKE

Example 4: Pass/Fail Rate by Model

Example 5: Nested Data Access

Debugging Failed Queries

Next Steps